indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
deck (e.g. ship, tape, cassette, observation, train vestibule)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
passage; pathway; roadway; avenue; aisle