indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
shift; move; (work) shift; work schedule; gearshift; changing gears
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to accompany; to go hand in hand with; to be consequent upon; to be accompanied by; to bring with; to take with
opposite side; other side; over there; that way; the other party; the other person
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
whole (body); full-length (e.g. portrait); systemic
pain; ache; soreness; damage; injury; wear
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
to feel; to sense; to experience
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
really; truly; indeed; good grief
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
skin; body (in the context of intimate bodily contact); surface; grain (e.g. of wood); disposition; temperament
to break through; to penetrate; to pierce
to jump out; to rush out; to appear (suddenly); to protrude; to project; to butt in
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
sharp pain; acute pain; intense pain
so much (something) as to (e.g. so moved as to cry); overwhelmed; carried away; because of too much
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to show someone (into a room)
waking up; awakening; arousal; disillusion; disillusionment; awakening
before I knew it; next thing you know; when I came to
to sleep; to die; to rest (in peace); to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; (arch.) to close one's eyes
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
sleep; sleeping; inactivity; death