indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to freeze; to be frozen over; to congeal
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
flathead (esp. the bartailed flathead, Platycephalus indicus)
silence; stillness; quietness
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to stand (still) a while; to loiter; to stop
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to freeze to; to be frozen to; to freeze in place; to be still
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to feel; to sense; to experience
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
setting sun; decline (e.g. of industry)
aroma; fragrance; scent; smell
breathing; respiration; knack; trick; harmony; balance
to stop (moving); to come to a stop; to stop (doing, working, being supplied); to come to a halt; to alight; to perch on
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
in the style of (esp. literary, artistic, etc. works); reminiscent of; attached or stretched on
floor; stage (for the narrator and the shamisen player); dining platform built across a river
ceiling; ceiling price; (price) ceiling
degradation over time; time-related deterioration
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)