indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
great numbers (of people); numerical superiority; masses; people; folk; clique
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
spear; lance; javelin; lance; (arch.) jeering
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
river; stream; River; the ... river
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
adds force or indicates command
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
gun; wooden pole that wrestlers strike in practice; puffer fish
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
military forces; hosts; troops
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material