indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
bizarre; strange; eccentric; odd; queer
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sleep; sleeping; inactivity; death
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to disturb; to prevent; to obstruct; to hinder
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
sweat; perspiration; moisture; condensation; gulp; oops
skin; body (in the context of intimate bodily contact); surface; grain (e.g. of wood); disposition; temperament
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling); depressed; slow; sluggish; important (position, responsibility, etc.)
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; (arch.) money
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
restriction; restraint; binding; constraint
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
to move; to shift; to inspire; to rouse; to change; to alter; to operate
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
hot; warm; passionate; impassioned; on everybody's mind; on the radar
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
perhaps; possibly; by some chance; by some possibility
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
shogunal vassal; direct retainer of a shogun
in one go; in one gulp; in one breath; immediately; instantly; right away
nerve; nerves; sensitivity
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
tension; mental strain; nervousness
consciousness; becoming aware (of); awareness; mano-vijnana (mental consciousness, cognizer of sensory information)
sudden; abrupt; rapid; sharp; drastic; radical
to be resurrected; to be resuscitated; to be rehabilitated; to be recalled (e.g. memories); to be brought back
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
hard; solid; stiff; tight; strong; firm (not viscous or easily moved); safe