indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
echo; reverberation; sound (esp. the distinctive sound of an object or activity, e.g. rain, gun, gallop, drum); noise; quality of a sound (e.g. a fine phrase, clear voice, resonant bell); feeling of a sound
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
katsura (Cercidiphyllum japonicum); Japanese Judas tree
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
while; during; while; although; all; both
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
tachibana orange (Citrus tachibana)
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
squirrel's foot fern (Davallia mariesii); Lepisorus thunbergianus (species of fern); color of clothing layers under one's overcoat (light green on blue); ancient women's hairstyle; clothing patterned using squirrel's foot fern
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality