indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
shopping district; shopping street; downtown
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
reasonably; fairly; hurriedly; in a rush; approximately; about
bookstore; bookshop; publisher; main building
senior high school student
intended for ...; oriented towards ...; aimed at ...
corner; bend; segment (within a radio or TV program); session; area; department
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
katsura (Cercidiphyllum japonicum); Japanese Judas tree
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pile (of noodles, etc.); bullet
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
shelf; ledge; rack; trellis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
very hard; with utmost effort; as hard as one can; with all one's might; for dear life; eagerly
to grow long (e.g. hair, nails); to lengthen; to extend; to reach out; to hold out; to straighten; to smooth out
height (of body); stature
elementary school student; primary school student; grade school student
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
more or less; though not quite satisfactorily; tentatively; for the time being; just in case; once
senior high school; high school
annual (plant); first-year student
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to place both hands on the ground (to express respect, apology or to present a request)
the best one can do; one's best effort; with all one's might; to the best of one's ability
standing on tiptoe and stretching one's back to make oneself taller; stretching oneself; overreaching oneself; overstretching oneself; trying to do something beyond one's ability
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
mark; guide; purpose; aim; sight (on a firearm)
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)