indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
rotation (usu. around something); revolution; turning
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to desire; to wish for; to expect; to see; to command (a view of)
to desire; to wish; to beg; to request; to have something done for oneself
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
battlefield; battleground
trace; tracks; site; remains; scar
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
motherland; fatherland; native country
flag; banner (administrative division of Inner Mongolia)
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
to be born and raised (in); to be born and brought up; to be born and bred
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
or; either ... or; maybe; perhaps; some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
to put one's life on the line; to risk one's life; to put everything one has into it
eternity; perpetuity; permanence; immortality
to shut; to close; to block (a street, entrance, etc.); to shut in (with snow, ice, etc.); to shut off; to consume (with negative feelings)