indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
myself; yourself; I; me; you
control (of a machine, device, etc.); control (over an opponent, one's emotions, etc.); governing; management
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
brains (of an operation); advisor; brain trust; brain (organ)
metre; meter; meter; gauge
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
by means of; due to; because of; according to
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
boy; son; baby boy; young man
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
Richard; Richards; Richart; Ritchard
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
man (esp. one who is well-respected); samurai; person (in a certain profession, esp. licensed); member
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine