indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
myself; yourself; I; me; you
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
citizen; citizenry; city inhabitant; townspeople; bourgeoisie; middle class
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
meeting; conference; session; assembly; council; convention
wise person; virtuous person; sage; unrefined sake
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
man (esp. one who is well-respected); samurai; person (in a certain profession, esp. licensed); member
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
one's line of sight; one's gaze; one's eyes (looking); glance; gaze; look
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
to turn towards; to point
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality