indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
appropriate; adequate; suitable; fitting; worthy
ugly; unsightly; hideous; mean; repulsive; disgraceful
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
life or death struggle; mortal combat; struggle to the death
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
to lurk; to be hidden; to be concealed; to lie dormant; to be latent
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
to flush out (game, etc.); to drive (animals); to beat; to hunt down
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
hunting; harvesting (e.g. berries, fruit); picking; gathering
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to go smoothly; to turn out well; to do the trick; to have peaceful relations