light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to bloom; to flower; to blossom; to open
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
scenery; scene; landscape
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
for example; for instance; e.g.
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
to seem to be ...; to become like ...; to behave as ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
still; yet; more; still more; as ...; like ...
very young; little; childish; immature
wonderful; marvelous; strange; strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
awfully; frightfully; desperately; violently; unduly; extremely
to be noticeable; to notice; to catch one's eye
shoe; shoes; boots; footwear; footgear
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.