heaven and earth; top and bottom
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
district; region; the country; countryside; civilian society
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
daimyo (Japanese feudal lord)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
the number of people; many people; a large number of people; (counted as an) adult
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to offer; to sacrifice; to dedicate
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
going to serve one's lord; daimyo's alternating Edo residence; official attendance service (by a daimyo in the Edo period)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
several; a number of; quantity; amount; counting; figures; number
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of
to die out; to peter out; to become extinct; to cease; to be stopped; to be discontinued
proceeding to the capital (Tokyo)
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
war; fighting; fierce competition
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
strict (e.g. security); heavy (e.g. guard); showy; pretentious; impressive; imposing
brutal (atmosphere, society, etc.); savage; fierce; violent; bloodthirsty; stark
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
to lead; to spearhead (a group); to command (troops)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
public affairs; the court; the shogun; the shogunate
to stick; to paste; to stretch; to spread; to form (e.g. ice on a pond); to fill; to swell
too; also; still; as before; even so; either way
great; excellent; very troublesome; awful; tiring; tough
expresses incredulousness, disbelief, irony, etc.
citizen; citizenry; city inhabitant; townspeople; bourgeoisie; middle class
to look at again; to re-examine (policy, estimate, plan, etc.); to review; to get a better opinion of; to see in a more positive light; to improve
to weigh on one's mind; to bother one; to be interested (in); to be curious (about); to feel like (doing); to feel inclined to
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
joy; delight; rapture; pleasure; gratification; rejoicing