indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
older brother; elder brother
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
suffix for familiar person
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
while; during; while; although; all; both
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...