book; volume; this; present; main; head; real
work (e.g. book, film, painting, composition); piece; production; opus
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
writing vertically; vertical writing
indication; expression; display; displaying; representation; (copyright) attribution
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
inspection; reading; perusal; browsing (the web)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
recommendation; endorsement
writing horizontally; horizontal writing
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
occasion; time; circumstances; (in) case (of); when
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (of a book); (one) complete set (of books)
to collapse; to crumble; to get out of shape; to lose one's shape; to break down; to be thrown into disarray; to crash (stock market)
to be in danger of; to be liable to; to be at risk of
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
use; utilization; utilisation; application
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
viewer (e.g. for film slides or x-rays); (image) viewer
by means of; due to; because of; according to
to differ; to be different; to disagree; to vary; to diverge
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
to cry; to shed tears; to suffer (from); to be troubled (by); to accept (an unreasonable request, loss, etc.); to do reluctantly
umbrella; parasol; something shaped like an umbrella or a conical hat; shade (of a lamp); mushroom cap
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
downpour; pouring rain; heavy rain; pelting rain; cloudburst
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to mutter; to murmur; to grumble; to tweet; to post on Twitter
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
by no means; never!; certainly (not); surely (not); something unexpected; emergency
to wave; to shake; to sprinkle; to throw (dice); to cast (actor); to allocate (work); to turn down (someone)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to cease; to stop; to be over
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)