indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
soon; shortly; nearly; almost
elementary school; primary school; school for children over eight years old in ancient China; traditional Chinese philology
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
town; block; street; road; chō (unit of length, approx. 109.09 m); chō (unit of land area, approx. 0.99 hectares)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
granny; grandma; gran; old lady; old woman
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
two persons; two people; pair; couple
only; just; (ever) since; after; continuously; remaining (in a particular state)
to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to make a living; to earn a livelihood; to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
cheerful; jovial; weather; season; spirit of yang
playful; mischievous; joker; prankster; scamp
bustling; busy; crowded; lively (party, voices, etc.); loud; noisy
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
one's youth; early life; one's early days; one's early years
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
study; diligence; working hard; experience; knowledge; discount
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
light; bright; bright (colour); cheerful; bright; bright (future, prospects, etc.); rosy
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young woman; young (animal); offshoot
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
grace (of God); benevolence (of Buddha); assistance; help; effects; influence
ordinary; common; free of charge; free; unaffected; as is
sometimes; occasionally; at times; seasonal; of the season; appropriate (for the season or occasion)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so