country in civil war; country disarrayed by war; Warring States period (Japan, China); competition in which there are several evenly matched participants; hotly contested game (match, market, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
(arch.) straight; ordinary; common; doing nothing
tiger (Panthera tigris); drunkard; drunk; sot
work (e.g. of art); piece; harvest; crop; technique
Excellent (grade); A; superiority; excellence; gentle; graceful
picture; drawing; painting; image (TV, film, etc.); picture; footage
round; tranquil; contentedly at ease
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
daughter of a person of high rank (esp. eldest daughter)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
father; father (e.g. of a discipline); pioneer (e.g. of field of research); God; Father
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
even; (if) only; just; besides; on top of that
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
tortoise; turtle; heavy drinker; turtle crest; turtle mon
unmarried woman; Miss; -ess; -ette
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop; knight (court card in mekuri karuta and unsun karuta)
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
very young; little; childish; immature
just (now); quite (near); unintentionally; subconsciously
to ask; to enquire; to inquire; to search; to look for; to look into
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to buy; to purchase; to value (highly); to think highly of; to incur (someone's anger, displeasure, etc.); to elicit (e.g. sneers)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)