indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
magician; wizard; sorcerer; witch
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
pupil; student; schoolchild
rolling (ship, etc.); rolling (start, plan, etc.); illegal street racing
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
division into groups; separation into classes (e.g. of schoolchildren according to ability)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
myself; yourself; I; me; you
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking