indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to take (someone) with one; to bring along; to go with; to be accompanied by
unmanned; uninhabited; unattended; shorthandedness; lack of help
to cross over; to go across; to extend; to cover; to range
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
swaying; swinging; rocking; shaking; wavering; flickering
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
heat haze; shimmer of hot air
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to pass (of time); to elapse
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
before long; soon; almost; nearly; finally; in the end
wonderful; marvelous; strange; strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
don't you think?; indicates question
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
camel; camel (cloth); cloth made from camel hair; camel (color); light yellowish brown
back; reverse; rear side; height; stature; ridge (of a mountain)
to shake; to jolt; to rock (cradle); to swing
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
old person; senior citizen; the aged; the elderly
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
crown prince; Prince Shōtoku
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so