indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
in that way; thus; so; so?
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
adds force or indicates command
honorific/polite/humble prefix
highway (esp. one existing from the Edo period); main road; highway (e.g. to success); path (to becoming ...); subdistrict (in China)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...