indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
temple; sacred place; shrine; sanctuary; tabernacle
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
to wrap up; to pack; to cover; to envelop; to conceal (a feeling); to hide
people; men and women; each person; everybody
to cry and shout; to scream
to run about trying to escape
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to tie; to fasten; to wear (necktie, belt); to put on; to total; to sum; to be strict with
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
with trouble; at great pains; rare; valuable; kind; generous
singing voice; (sound of) singing
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
descriptive poetry; epic poem
curtain; bunting; act (in play)
place; spot; grounds; arena; stadium; range
than; from; out of; except; but; more
insurrection; mutiny; rebellion; revolt; uprising
character (in a play or novel); dramatis personae
super-; ultra-; extremely; really; over; more than
soldier; combatant; warrior
Paloh (Malaysia); Paro (Bhutan)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice