indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
Mr; Mrs; clan; he; him; counter for people
in that way; thus; so; so?
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
dead body; corpse; cadaver; carcass
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
police; police officer; police station
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
official size of a tatami mat for measuring room size (esp. a Kyoto-size tatami mat); basic rhythm (in traditional Japanese music); (arch.) room (in a brothel) of a prostitute of the highest rank
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?