stratum; geological formation; layer; bed (coal, gravel, etc.)
gravel; ballast; pebbles; child; rugrat; ankle-biter
footpath; walkway; sidewalk
because of; on account of; regarding; per; apiece
plaster; gypsum; calcium sulphate (sulfate)
dirty smoke; soot and smoke
pollution; public nuisance; contamination
pollution problem or issue
social awareness (e.g. in fiction)
to be born again; to make a fresh start in life
dark side (of nature, town, etc.)
change for the better; improvement; looking better (than before)
to lean against; to recline on; to lean on; to rely on; to depend on
practical problem; practical matter
to soak into; to permeate; to penetrate
river management; river improvement; flood control
available room (hotel); vacancy; room to let
inspection; examination; survey
samurai receiving this much rice as a fee; offering of rice cake containing this much rice; person receiving this amount of money as a salary
making do; getting by (somehow); managing
birth; birthplace; born in (country, month, imperial era, zodiac year, etc.)
unexpectedly; surprisingly; unexpected; unanticipated; unforeseen
alertly; vigilantly; warily; diligently; attentively
to sense; to suspect; to get an inkling (of something); to get wind of; to smell (e.g. danger); to become aware of (e.g. a plot)
mutual affection; mutual love
location (of something); whereabouts; hiding place
setting; installing; setting up (meeting, conference, etc.); stage setting; setting (of a novel, movie, play, etc.)
taking a seat; sitting down (in one's seat)