indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
notebook; memorandum; commonplace book
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ebook; e-book; electronic book; digital book
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; content; substance
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
external character; user-defined character; kanji not included in the jōyō or jinmeiyō list; foreign letters (esp. of a western language); foreign writing
use; application; employment; utilization; utilisation
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
counter for stories, episodes of TV series, etc.
How do you do?; I am glad to meet you
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
introduction; presentation; referral; listing
leaving; going home; quitting one's job; free time; leisure
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
farewell; adieu; goodbye; so long
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
among these; between these; of these; in here; in this
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
thief; burglar; robber; theft; burglary; robbery
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
section chief; laboratory manager; office head; room monitor
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
angry voice; one's voice when shouting with anger
laboratory; seminar room; professor's office
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
to be shy; to be bashful; to look shy
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
name; given name; first name
very low frequency sound; heavy bass sound; low-register sound
tone of voice; mimicry; imitative voice
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
all members; all hands; everyone; everybody; whole crew