indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
bloodshed; (lit.) rain of blood
slapping; splashing; splatting; banging shut; flat (refusal, denial, etc.)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
May; fifth month of the lunar calendar
territory (of country, feudal domain, etc.); (arch.) counter for suits of clothing, sets of armor, etc.
Island; insula; island; islet
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
chapel; building used for worship (in front of the main hall of a Buddhist temple)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
formation; establishment; conclusion (e.g. of a deal); reaching (e.g. an agreement); being valid (of a theory, argument, etc.); holding
on and after; from ... onward; since
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
substantial; real (as opposed to nominal)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
system; institution; organization; organisation
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
abolition; discontinuance; discontinuation; repeal; annulment
before; prior to; ago; the past; before; previously
from the beginning; from the first; of course; not to mention ...; not only ... but also ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
existence; being; presence
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
baron; Irish cobbler (variety of potato)
middle; midway; middle position; moderate position; interim; intermediary
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.); to indicate; to show
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for