indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nine (in mekuri karuta); oicho-kabu (traditional Japanese gambling card game)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
while; during; while; although; all; both
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
motorcycle; motorbike; bicycle
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
motorized two-wheeled vehicle (with a displacement of less than 50cc); scooter; moped
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
helmet; hard hat; protective headgear
than; from; out of; except; but; more
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
small quantity; little; little while; short distance