indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
Yamagata (city, prefecture); mountain shape; chevron; cone
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
book; volume; this; present; main; head
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
writing vertically; vertical writing
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to see; to look; to watch; to try to
model (of machine, device); model of aircraft; type of aircraft
by means of; due to; because of; according to
indication; expression; display; displaying; representation; (copyright) attribution
difference; variation; difference
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
(for something) to have occurred; to have done (something); (for something) to happen on occasion
person; character; one's character; one's personality; able person; talented person
introduction; presentation; referral; listing
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
self-proclaimed; self-professed; professing oneself to be; calling oneself; first person
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
tool; implement; means; furniture
using freely; making full use of; having a good command of; working (someone) hard; driving (someone) on
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
to allow (someone or something) to come near; to let get close
cool; indifferent; apathetic; cold; cold-hearted; heartless
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
bomb; alcohol with liquor added (esp. wine-based shōchū highball, also beer with whiskey)
to operate (e.g. a machine); to handle; to have a good command of (a language); to play proficiently (of a musical instrument); to work (a puppet); to pull the strings of a puppet
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
imitating; copying; mimicry; behavior; behaviour; action
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
while; during; while; although; all; both
to talk; to chat; to chatter
strange; odd; peculiar; queer; curious