indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
promise; agreement; appointment; engagement; convention; rule
lifespan; life; lifetime; life (of a battery, lightbulb, etc.); service life; end of an object's (useful) life
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to buy; to purchase; to buy out
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
at the very beginning; first of all; first and foremost; before anything else
to recall; to remember; to recollect
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
elementary school student; primary school student; grade school student
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
lesson; class; teaching; instruction; classwork; schoolwork
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
by myself; in person; by oneself
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
ten-year-old; ten year old
towards (a destination); for the purpose of; with the goal of; targeting (a group, a demographic)
homeroom teacher; form teacher
woman; female; feminine gender
teacher; instructor; teaching staff; faculty member
to ask a question; to begin to ask a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
manner; way; appearance; air; custom; convention; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
above anything else; above all; more than anything; best; greatest; excellent