elementary school; primary school; school for children over eight years old in ancient China; traditional Chinese philology
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
house of parliament (congress, diet, etc.); graduate school; postgraduate school; institution (often medical); institutional building; sub-temple; minor temple building
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
author (usu. of a particular book); writer
illustration; picture; sketch; drawing; figure
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
in deep black; in jet black
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
multi-floor building; multi-storey building; bill
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
umbrella; parasol; something shaped like an umbrella or a conical hat; shade (of a lamp); mushroom cap
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
opposite; opposition; versus; vs.; to (e.g. "winning a game five to three"); equal footing
two persons; two people; pair; couple
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
white clothes; white robe; white gown (worn by doctors, chemists, etc.); commoner without rank (in ancient China); layperson
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
tall figure; high stature
to become tense; to be tightened; to become firm (e.g. body)
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
outside of; not covered by
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
bare (naked) body; complexion (e.g. face)
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
directly; in person; firsthand
to wear extra clothes; to dress formally
approximate age; age range