new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
tide; current; sea water; opportunity; chance; thin soup of fish or shellfish boiled in seawater
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Yōko Ogawa (1962.3.30-; writer)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
work (e.g. book, film, composition, etc.); opus; performance; production
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
writing vertically; vertical writing
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
route; path; channel (e.g. sales, distribution)
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
top; summit; twelve o'clock (usu. midnight); top of one's head; top of a helmet
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
symbol; code; sign; notation
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
flat; level; calm; tranquil; relaxed (sitting posture); comfortable
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
to be packed (with); to be full (space, schedule, etc.); to be blocked (road, pipe, nose, etc.); to be clogged; to shorten (width, interval, etc.); to shrink (shirt, word form, etc.); to be at a loss
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
crumpled; rumpled; to be annoyed; to be irritated; noisily (chewing)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to mind; to care about; to be an issue; to matter; to keep company; to care for; to interfere with
to pat (e.g. dog); to rub; to stroke; to fondle
while; during; while; although; all; both
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to tease; to make fun of; to poke fun at; to make a crack about; to chaff; to kid