if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
steel; sword steel; sword
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
shrine; palace; imperial residence; Imperial prince; Imperial princess; headboard with built-in shelves, drawers, etc.
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
ebook; e-book; electronic book; digital book
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
writing vertically; vertical writing
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
occasion; time; circumstances; (in) case (of); when
attention; notice; care; caution; advice; warning
declining; refusal; rejection; announcement; notice
class; order; et cetera; etc.; equal; iso-
about; on; regarding; per; for every
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
to smell; to smell of; to have a smell
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
time; hour; period; class
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
(many) trees; every tree; all kinds of trees
to rock; to shake; to swing
noisily (from many people talking); in a commotion; with a rustling sound (of leaves, branches, etc.); with a rippling sound (of the surface of a lake, etc.); feeling a chill; with a chill (up one's spine)
leaf; blade (of grass); (pine) needle; frond; foliage
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
to make a sound; to give off a sound; to hear a sound
to be on the verge; to be on the brink; to get close
smell; scent; aura; whiff; faint, mist-like pattern along the temper line of a Japanese sword
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish