indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hut; cabin; small theatre (theater); temporary playhouse; one's own house
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
cheerful; jovial; weather; season; spirit of yang
towards (a destination); for the purpose of; with the goal of; targeting (a group, a demographic)
at one's feet; underfoot; gait; pace; most recent; current
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
counter for small animals; counter for rolls of cloth (two han in size); (arch.) counter for horses; roll of cloth
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
punch (with the fist); punching (a hole); hole punch; punch (drink); punch (in a song, speech, etc.); impact
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to draw (a thread); to let out (e.g. a rope); to head out as a group; to set out in large numbers; to send out one after another; to dispatch
to come together; to merge; to fit; to match; to be profitable; to be equitable
to frolic about; to mess around
monitoring; watching; observation; surveillance; guarding; supervision
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
opposite; reverse; contrary
really; very; extremely; (not) anything; (not) at all; (not) a bit
tranquil; calm; quiet; peaceful
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
scenery; scene; landscape; scene (e.g. of a crime)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
spare time; free time; time (e.g. time it takes to do something); time off; day off; quitting (one's job); firing someone
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
favorite; favourite; pet (e.g. teacher's pet); bookmark (in web browser)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
while; during; while; although; all; both
carrying (on one's person or in the hand); mobile phone; cell phone
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to change; to swap; to change the object of one's interest or focus; to spend or take time; to infect; to permeate something with the smell or colour of something; to move on to the next or different stage of (a plan, etc.)
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); shamisen; geisha; wheelbarrow; clay bed-warmer; bottom; submissive partner of a homosexual relationship
to keep (a pet or other animal); to have; to own; to raise; to rear; to feed
local residents; neighbours; neighbors
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question