cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
one meaning; one thought; wholeheartedly; single-mindedly; unique
nature (of a person); sex; gender; sex (i.e. sexual attraction, activity, etc.); gender; -ty
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
argument; discussion; theory (e.g. of evolution); doctrine; essay; treatise
regarding; in; to; towards; with regards to
because; for; the reason why is ...
solution (of an equation, inequality, etc.); root (e.g. of a polynomial); solution (to a given problem); answer; explanation; interpretation
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
establishment; settlement
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to want; to wish for; to request; to demand; to seek; to search for
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
true; real; genuine; proper; utter
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
some; any; in any way; of some kind; of some sort
method; process; manner; way; means; technique
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to consist of; to be made up of; to be concluded (e.g. of an agreement); to hold true (e.g. of a theory); to be viable (of a business, lifestyle, etc.); to carry on
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
potentiality; likelihood; possibility; availability
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
important; momentous; essential; principal; major
pillar; post; support; prop; counter for buddhas, gods, nobles, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thin; pale; light; watery; thin; weak (taste, etc.); little (affection, etc.) not much (of a presence)
shell; husk; hull; pod; chaff