indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
lieutenant colonel; commander (navy)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
eastern part; the east (of a region)
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
captain (Army, U.S. Marine Corps, USAF); lieutenant (Navy); flight lieutenant (RAF, RAAF, RNZAF, etc.)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
if it is the case that ...
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case