deep affection; dear; beloved
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
grandmother; old woman; female senior citizen
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; how about; questionable
honorific/polite/humble prefix
old woman; joker (card); hag; bitch
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
the front; honesty; uprightness; decency; normality
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
don't you think?; indicates question
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
autumn breeze; fall breeze
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
(common) cold; influenza; flu; ague; inflammatory respiratory system illness (in general)
given that ... it is only natural that ...; ... being the case, it is unavoidable that ...; (precisely) because ...; contrary to expectations ...
attention; notice; care; caution; advice; warning
please (give me); please (do for me)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
concrete; definite; specific; material; substantial
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise