spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
now; the present time; just now; another; more
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the New Year begins; the New Year starts
beyond that point; after that
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
a blink of time; (lit.) the time it takes to say "Ah!"
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
taking an examination (esp. school and university entrance)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
graduation; completion (of a course); moving on (from); outgrowing (something); leaving (a group, company, etc.)
to arrive at (after a struggle); to finally reach; to find one's way to; to finally hit on (e.g. an idea)
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
to move forward; to move on
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
myself; yourself; I; me; you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
weak; frail; delicate; tender; unskilled; weak (wine)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
don't you think?; indicates question
in that way; thus; so; so?
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?