indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Rio; Rio de Janeiro (abbr)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Seria (Brunei); Celia; Serrlya
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
in that way; thus; so; so?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
plate; dish; serving; helping; kanji radical 108 (at the bottom)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
honorific/polite/humble prefix
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to nod; to bow one's head in assent; to agree
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?