indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
work; book; (a book) by; obvious; striking
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
gene; fanzine; zine; jeans
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
ten; 10; ten years of age
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
period; time; opportunity; chance; age; term (e.g. in office); session (e.g. of parliament)
compilation (of a text); editing; volume (of a text); completed literary work
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
counter for stories, episodes of TV series, etc.
backing; support; backer; shield that protects one's back
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
fidelity; honour; honor; chastity (of a woman); faithfulness (e.g. to one's husband)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to stand up; to put up; to thrust into; to bury into; to make (a noise); to start (a rumour); to make
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful
stain; spot; smudge; spot (on one's skin, e.g. chloasma, liver spot); blemish; discoloration
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
while; during; while; although; all; both
in that way; thus; so; so?
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
to desire; to wish for; to expect; to see; to command (a view of)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to cut off; to excise; to tear off; to cut out; to whittle down; to tear out