indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
older sister; elder sister
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
now that; since; as long as; provided that
that; the matter in question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
lazy; idle; indolent; slothful
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to roll up; to enfold; to swallow up; to involve; to drag into
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
to handle (men); to master (a tool); to manage; to acquire a command of (a language)
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
to check through; to thoroughly investigate
major company; big company; front castle gate; force attacking the front of a castle
financing company; credit firm
(company) director; executive; top management; important post; role with heavy responsibilities
to work (for); to be employed (at); to serve (as); to act (as); to conduct a religious service
existence; possession; having; limited company
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
family; members of a family
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Hyogo prefecture (Kinki area) (Hyougo)
high-end residential area; affluent neighbourhood
detached house; single house; single building; isolated house; house in isolated location
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
to be separated; to be apart; to leave; to go away; to leave (a job, etc.); to quit
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)