indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
declaration; proclamation; announcement
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
staff; member (club, society, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
crackling; cracking; clapping; incessantly (blinking)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
chance; start; cue; excuse; motive; impetus
first; firstly; first of all; Introduction; Preface
to begin to say; to start talking; to broach (a matter); to be the first to say; to suggest (doing); to propose
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
research division; research club (e.g. at school, university)
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
your house; your home; your husband; your organization; you
to be titled (e.g. a book); to be named
all parts; various parts; every department
to turn; to revolve; to visit several places; to function well; to pass a certain time
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
planning; project; plan; design
to be lifted; to be raised; to happen suddenly; to occur; to be homeroom teacher for the same class multiple years in a row; to move up with one's class
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
-ical; -ive; -like; -ish; (something) like; along the lines of
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy
to remove; to eliminate; to eradicate; to exclude; to except
to add; to add up; to increase; to gather (e.g. speed); to include; to count in
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)