showy; brilliant; gorgeous; florid; gay
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
center; centre; metropolis
land near a castle; castle town
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
the four cardinal directions; north, east, south and west; surroundings; many countries; the whole world; all around; here and there
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
firm; strong; solid; stable
(fixing) boundaries for religious practices; prohibition (of items, people, spirits, etc. that would hinder Buddhist practice); fence between inner and outer sanctums in a temple; (arch.) short two or three-fold lattice around the front desk of a store; barrier; dimensional barrier
area; domain; territory; field; range; region
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
first-class; top grade; characteristic; peculiar; school (e.g. of a performance art); one flag
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to gather; to collect; to assemble
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
leading person; foremost figure
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
instructor; (fencing) teacher; model
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
crowd of people; great number of people; in great numbers
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to attract attention; to come into the limelight
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
status; position; method; way; rule; regulation
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
appropriate; adequate; suitable; fitting; worthy
made-to-order; custom-made
of course; certainly; naturally
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
to envy; to be envious of; to be jealous of
genuine article; real thing; real deal
intention; aim; preference (for); orientation (towards a goal)