indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
dirty; filthy; disordered; messy; indecent (language, etc.); dirty
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
in that way; thus; so; so?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
uncleanness; impurity; disgrace; shame; uncleanliness from contact with death, pregnancy, menstruation, etc.
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
Japanese person; Japanese people
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
infectious disease; infection
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
lizard; skink lizard (Scincidae spp.)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour