national language; Japanese language (often as a school subject in Japan); native Japanese words (as opposed to loanwords)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to stand up; to put up; to thrust into; to bury into; to make (a noise); to start (a rumour); to make
while; during; while; although; all; both
writing (an essay, prose, etc.); composition; formal writing with little real meaning
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to read out; to read aloud; to call out; to finish reading; to read through
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
slightly difficult; somewhat bothersome; troublesome; peevish; querulous
to line up; to set up; to enumerate; to itemize; to be equal (to); to compare well (with)
bright; intelligent; clever; smart
in that way; thus; so; so?
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
adds force or indicates command
to sell (well); to be well known; to be popular; to be famous
author; writer; novelist; artist
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
thought; consideration; thinking
to see through; to see the true nature of something
and also; and on top of that; so (I take it that ...); then ...; (arch.) in that case; (arch.) if so
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
unripe; green; inexperienced; immature; unskilled
writing; composition; essay; sentence
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every