indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
beach; seashore; captured pieces (in the game of go); captured stones; Yokohama; (arch.) riverbank
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
university town; college town
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
face; mask; face guard; (in kendo) striking the head; surface (esp. a geometrical surface); page; aspect
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...