indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
with a tap; with a knock; smoothly (proceed); without a hitch; even; equal
that kind of; of the sort; of the kind; such
light; easy; non-serious; minor
sound; noise; (musical) note; fame
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to resound; to be heard far away; to reverberate; to shake; to come (home); to remain (with someone)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
town; block; street; road; chō (unit of length, approx. 109.09 m); chō (unit of land area, approx. 0.99 hectares)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
tone color; tone colour; tone quality; timbre
to be added to; to be appended; to join in (e.g. a group of friends); to participate; to increase (e.g. heat); to gain in (e.g. influence)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
cheerful; jovial; weather; season; spirit of yang
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
investigation; inspection; examination; tune; note; melody
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to shave (wood, leather, etc.); to sharpen (e.g. pencil); to cut down (budget, expenses, staff, time, etc.); to curtail; to delete; to erase
slope; slanting surface; bevel
to run along; to run beside; to follow (a policy, plan, etc.); to act in accordance with; to meet (wishes, expectations, etc.); to satisfy
like; as; so that; in order that; be sure to; I hope (that)
development; growth; development (of a situation, story, etc.); advancement; playing around (sexually; esp. of a male homosexual); having an active sex life
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
because ...; for ...; the reason being ...; as for ...; when it comes to ...; regarding ...
becoming red-hot; red heat; scorching heat; burning (love); passionate (e.g. debate); ardent
to bear; to stand; to support; to withstand; to be fit for; to be equal to
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
to subsist; to keep on living
water (esp. cool or cold); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout