indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to be promoted; to add up to
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
counter for stories, episodes of TV series, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
setback; failure (e.g. plans, business); frustration; discouragement
surgery; operation; procedure; skill with one's hands; sleight of hand
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
corridor; hallway; passageway
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to sit down (and refuse to move); to sit-in (in protest)
hospital; clinic; doctor's office; doctor's surgery; infirmary
quiet; silent; slow; unhurried; calm; peaceful
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
anxiety; uneasiness; worry; apprehension; fear; insecurity
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
movement; move; motion; trend; development; change
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
sometimes; at intervals; occasionally; on occasion; from time to time
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to become confused (disconcerted, disorganized, disorganised); to be flustered; to panic; to hurry; to rush; to hasten
(in the) neighbourhood; neighborhood; around; about; for instance; say