indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
severe earthquake; violent tremor
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
queen; female monarch; queen consort; consort of a king; queen; princess
to let out; to utter; to issue; to send; to leave; to depart
single word; a few words; brief comment
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
things at hand; personal belongings
drawing a katana and attacking in the same stroke; doing (something) suddenly and without warning; doing without prior notice
check (pattern); plaid; check; inspection; check (mark); tick; checking (something) out
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
boo! (sound used to scare someone); ugh (dissatisfaction, aggravation); ulp (consternation)
meeting; conference; session; assembly; council; convention
end; close; conclusion; termination
the point just before ...; the point of (doing); the verge (of); (just before the) edge
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
declaration; proclamation; announcement
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to be noisy; to be astir; to rustle; to murmur
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style; one Buddhist image
why; how; for what reason
by no means; never!; certainly (not); surely (not); something unexpected; emergency
to doubt; to distrust; to be suspicious of; to suspect
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
betrayer; traitor; turncoat; informer
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thinking; thought; idea; notion; intention; plan