text (of a book, document, etc.); body (of a letter); this passage; this sentence
illustration; picture; sketch; drawing; figure
pine tree (Pinus spp.); highest (of a three-tier ranking system)
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
traditional Japanese handball game
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
(principle of) letting sleeping dogs lie; peace-at-any-price; don't rock the boat
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
of course; certainly; naturally
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
metropolitan governor; governor of Tokyo
dawn; daybreak; event (e.g. "in the event of ..."); occasion; occurrence
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
by means of; due to; because of; according to
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
qualitative difference; disparity; gap
to lose (something); to mislay; to get rid of; to eliminate; to remove
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
town; city; municipal; urban
doctor; PhD; exposition; fair; exhibition
holding (a conference, exhibition, etc.); opening; hosting (e.g. the Olympics)
Akutagawa Prize (literary award)
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...