cruel; merciless; pitiless; tragic; horrible; terrible
to be violated; to be corrupted; to be polluted; to be stained
abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; without warning
national isolation; closing the country (to foreigners); sakoku; policy of national isolation enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate
declaration; proclamation; announcement
messenger; envoy; emissary
thorn; spine; splinter (esp. lodged in one's flesh); hard sharp item (esp. lodged in one's throat, e.g. fish bone); biting words
to toss (i.e. one's head); to wave (i.e. a flag); to stand up energetically; to raise one's voice
body; oneself; one's place; one's position; main part; meat (as opposed to bone, skin, etc.)
to make round; to roll up; to seduce; to cajole; to round off (a fraction); (arch.) to lump together
myself; oneself; (arch.) I; (arch.) me; (arch.) you (referring to one's inferior)
porcupine (any mammal of suborder Hystricomorpha)
national border; provincial border
barrier; checkpoint; gateway; hurdle; obstacle; trial
not only ... (but also); not just; as well as
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to close (e.g. book, eyes, meeting, etc.); to shut
ahead; further on; beyond (this place); before this; prior to this; earlier
going in and out; entering and exiting; visiting regularly; frequenting; income and expenditure; incomings and outgoings; increase and decrease
to try; to attempt; to have a go (at something)
to consider as; to regard (as equivalent); to deem (as); to equate
official bulletin board (esp. Edo period); highest bid; highest tender; your letter
to stand up; to put up; to thrust into; to bury into; to make (a noise); to start (a rumour); to make
disastrous; tragic; miserable; wretched; pitiful; woeful
trade; business; commerce; occupation; calling; profession
to shut; to close; to block (a street, entrance, etc.); to shut in (with snow, ice, etc.); to shut off; to consume (with negative feelings)
there being no use in arguing (about it)
to remain; to abide; to stay (in the one place); to be limited to; to be confined to; to only account for
panel; wainscoting; wainscotting; plight; fix; bind
to fall into (e.g. a hole); to fall into (chaos, depression, dilemma, illness, etc.); to fall into (a trap, etc.); to fall; to surrender
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
to be at a loss; to be puzzled
chance; start; cue; excuse; motive; impetus
after that; afterwards; thereafter
many times over; often; repeatedly; time after time
to contract; to undertake; to take over; to take responsibility for
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
to rely on; to depend on; to count on; to turn to (for help)
due form; official; formality