indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to lead; to spearhead (a group); to command (troops)
than; from; out of; except; but; more
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
agile; nimble; casual (clothing); light (e.g. luggage); carefree; with limited responsibility
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
dear (old); fondly-remembered; beloved; missed; nostalgic
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
probably isn't (doesn't, won't, etc.); don't (doesn't) intend to; intend not to; must not; (when used in an imperative sentence) don't
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
safety; security; safely; without incident; good health; inaction
national border; provincial border
to pass the peak (of something); to get through the most difficult part; to be over the worst (e.g. an illness); to cross a pass
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
horse riding; horseback riding; horseback rider
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
boorish; unrefined; rustic; uncouth; clumsy; brusque
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects